Siding for Historic Homes: A Preservationist’s Guide

Owning a historic home is a privilege and a responsibility. It’s a connection to the past, a tangible piece of history that deserves to be cherished and preserved. One of the most significant aspects of maintaining a historic home is its siding. The siding not only protects the structure from the elements but also contributes significantly to its architectural character and aesthetic appeal. Choosing the right siding for a historic home is a delicate balancing act. It requires considering historical accuracy, durability, energy efficiency, and cost. This comprehensive guide will explore the various siding options available, offering insights and advice to help you make informed decisions that honor your home’s heritage while ensuring its longevity.

Understanding the Importance of Preserving Historic Siding

Before diving into the different siding materials, it’s crucial to understand why preserving the original siding is often the best approach. Original siding is an integral part of the home’s historical fabric. It tells a story about the building’s construction, the materials available at the time, and the craftsmanship of the era. Replacing original siding, even with a historically accurate replica, can diminish the home’s authenticity and potentially devalue it. Furthermore, original siding, when properly maintained, can last for many decades, even centuries. Regular inspections, repairs, and appropriate painting or sealing can extend its lifespan considerably.

When is Replacement Necessary?

While preservation is the ideal, there are situations where siding replacement becomes necessary. Extensive damage from rot, insect infestation, or weather exposure can compromise the structural integrity of the siding and the underlying structure. In such cases, replacement becomes a practical consideration to protect the home from further deterioration. However, even when replacement is necessary, it’s essential to approach the project with a preservationist’s mindset. This means carefully documenting the existing siding, researching historically accurate materials and techniques, and working with experienced professionals who understand the nuances of historic preservation.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Replacement Siding

If replacement siding is unavoidable, several factors must be considered to ensure a successful and historically sensitive outcome. These factors include:

• Historical Accuracy: The new siding should closely match the original in terms of material, dimensions, profile, and installation techniques.
• Material Durability: Choose a material that can withstand the local climate and resist rot, insects, and other forms of deterioration.
• Aesthetic Appeal: The siding should complement the architectural style of the home and enhance its overall appearance.
• Energy Efficiency: Consider the insulation value of the siding and its potential to improve the home’s energy performance.
• Cost: Balance the cost of the siding with its long-term durability and maintenance requirements.
• Maintenance: Evaluate the maintenance requirements of the siding, including painting, sealing, and cleaning.
• Local Regulations: Be aware of any local historic preservation guidelines or regulations that may affect your siding choices.

Exploring Different Siding Materials for Historic Homes

Several siding materials are suitable for historic homes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Let’s explore some of the most common options:

Wood Siding

Wood siding is the most historically accurate choice for many older homes. It was widely used in the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries and comes in various styles, including clapboard, shingles, and board-and-batten. Wood offers a natural beauty and warmth that is difficult to replicate with other materials. However, it requires regular maintenance to prevent rot, insect infestation, and warping. Proper painting or sealing is essential, and periodic repairs may be necessary.

Types of Wood Siding:

• Clapboard: Also known as lap siding or weatherboard, clapboard consists of long, narrow boards that overlap each other horizontally. It’s a classic siding choice for many historic homes, particularly those in the Colonial and Federal styles.
• Wood Shingles: Wood shingles, also known as shakes, are individual pieces of wood that are applied in overlapping rows. They offer a rustic and textured appearance and are commonly found on Victorian and Craftsman-style homes.
• Board-and-Batten: Board-and-batten siding consists of wide vertical boards with narrow strips of wood (battens) covering the seams. It’s a popular choice for barns, farmhouses, and other rural structures.
• Wood Plank Siding: This type of siding utilizes wider planks of wood, installed horizontally or vertically, often with a tongue-and-groove system for a tight, sealed fit.

Considerations for Wood Siding:

When choosing wood siding, consider the type of wood, its grade, and its treatment. Redwood, cedar, and cypress are naturally rot-resistant and are excellent choices for siding. Pressure-treated wood is also a good option for areas that are prone to moisture. Properly priming and painting or staining the wood is crucial to protect it from the elements.

Vinyl Siding

Vinyl siding is a popular choice for modern homes due to its affordability, durability, and low maintenance requirements. However, it’s generally not considered a historically accurate choice for most historic homes. Vinyl siding is made from PVC plastic and is available in a wide range of colors and styles. While it can mimic the appearance of wood siding to some extent, it often lacks the authentic look and feel of real wood. Furthermore, vinyl siding can be prone to fading, cracking, and warping over time, and it’s not easily repairable. However, some newer vinyl siding products are designed to be more historically accurate and durable, making them a potentially viable option for certain situations.

Considerations for Vinyl Siding on Historic Homes:

If you’re considering vinyl siding for a historic home, it’s crucial to choose a product that closely matches the original siding in terms of color, texture, and profile. Avoid overly glossy or artificial-looking vinyl siding. Look for options that have a wood-grain texture and a matte finish. Pay close attention to the installation details to ensure that the siding is installed correctly and does not detract from the home’s architectural character. Check with your local historic preservation commission to see if vinyl siding is permitted and what guidelines must be followed.

Fiber Cement Siding

Fiber cement siding is a composite material made from cement, sand, and cellulose fibers. It offers a good balance of durability, affordability, and aesthetic appeal. Fiber cement siding can mimic the appearance of wood siding and is available in a variety of styles, including clapboard, shingles, and board-and-batten. It’s resistant to rot, insects, and fire, and it requires less maintenance than wood siding. However, fiber cement siding is heavier than wood and requires specialized tools and techniques for installation. It also needs to be painted or sealed to protect it from moisture.

Considerations for Fiber Cement Siding:

When choosing fiber cement siding, look for products that have a realistic wood-grain texture and are available in historically accurate colors. Pay attention to the installation details to ensure that the siding is properly installed and sealed. Fiber cement siding can be a good option for historic homes that require a durable and low-maintenance siding material without sacrificing historical accuracy.

Aluminum Siding

Aluminum siding was a popular choice in the mid-20th century as a low-maintenance alternative to wood. While durable and resistant to rot and insects, it’s generally not considered a historically accurate choice for most older homes, particularly those built before the mid-20th century. Aluminum siding can dent easily and is prone to fading and chalking over time. It also lacks the warmth and character of wood siding. However, aluminum siding may be a viable option for certain mid-century modern homes or for situations where budget is a primary concern.

Considerations for Aluminum Siding:

If you’re considering aluminum siding, choose a product that has a matte finish and a color that complements the home’s architectural style. Avoid overly shiny or metallic finishes. Pay close attention to the installation details to minimize the appearance of seams and fasteners. Keep in mind that aluminum siding can be difficult to repair and may require complete replacement if damaged.

The Importance of Professional Installation

Regardless of the siding material you choose, professional installation is crucial to ensure a successful and long-lasting result. Historic homes often have unique challenges, such as uneven walls, intricate trim details, and delicate architectural features. Experienced contractors who specialize in historic preservation have the knowledge and skills to handle these challenges with care and precision. They can ensure that the siding is installed correctly, without damaging the underlying structure or compromising the home’s historical integrity.

Finding the Right Contractor

When searching for a contractor, look for companies with a proven track record of working on historic homes. Ask for references and review their portfolio to see examples of their previous work. Check their credentials and ensure that they are licensed and insured. During the bidding process, ask detailed questions about their experience with historic preservation, their understanding of historical accuracy, and their proposed installation methods. Choose a contractor who is committed to preserving the home’s historical character and who is willing to work closely with you to achieve your goals.

Maintaining Your Historic Siding

Once your new siding is installed, proper maintenance is essential to protect your investment and extend its lifespan. Regular inspections, cleaning, and repairs can prevent minor problems from escalating into major issues. Here are some tips for maintaining your historic siding:

• Inspect the siding regularly: Look for signs of damage, such as cracks, rot, insect infestation, or loose boards.
• Clean the siding annually: Use a mild detergent and a soft brush to remove dirt, mildew, and other debris. Avoid using high-pressure washers, as they can damage the siding.
• Repair any damage promptly: Replace damaged boards, caulk cracks, and repaint or reseal as needed.
• Trim vegetation: Keep trees, shrubs, and vines trimmed away from the siding to prevent moisture damage and insect infestation.
• Protect the siding from the elements: Install gutters and downspouts to divert water away from the siding. Consider using a sealant to protect the siding from UV damage.

Navigating Local Historic Preservation Regulations

Many historic districts and landmarks are subject to local historic preservation regulations that govern alterations to the exterior of buildings. These regulations are designed to protect the historical character of the neighborhood and ensure that any changes are compatible with the surrounding architecture. Before undertaking any siding replacement project, it’s essential to check with your local historic preservation commission to determine what regulations apply to your property. They may have specific guidelines for siding materials, colors, and installation techniques. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in fines, delays, and even the requirement to remove non-compliant work.

Working with the Historic Preservation Commission

The historic preservation commission can be a valuable resource for homeowners undertaking siding replacement projects. They can provide guidance on historically appropriate materials and techniques and help you navigate the regulatory process. Be prepared to submit detailed plans and specifications for your project, including photographs of the existing siding, drawings of the proposed replacement siding, and samples of the materials you plan to use. Attend commission meetings to present your project and answer any questions they may have. Be patient and flexible, and be willing to make adjustments to your plans if necessary to comply with the regulations.

Siding and Energy Efficiency

While preserving the historical integrity of your home is paramount, it’s also important to consider energy efficiency. Older homes often lack the insulation and weatherization features found in modern construction, which can lead to high energy bills and uncomfortable living conditions. Siding replacement offers an opportunity to improve your home’s energy performance without sacrificing its historical character. When choosing replacement siding, look for options that have a good R-value (a measure of thermal resistance). Consider adding insulation behind the siding to further improve energy efficiency. However, be careful not to compromise the home’s historical integrity by adding too much insulation or altering the original wall construction.

Insulation Options

Several types of insulation can be used behind siding, including:

• Rigid Foam Insulation: Rigid foam insulation is a lightweight, closed-cell foam board that provides excellent thermal resistance. It can be installed directly over the existing sheathing before the siding is installed.
• Foam Backed Siding: Some siding products, such as vinyl and fiber cement, are available with a foam backing that provides additional insulation. This can be a convenient and cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency.
• Blown-In Insulation: Blown-in insulation, such as cellulose or fiberglass, can be installed in wall cavities to fill gaps and improve insulation. However, this option may require drilling holes in the siding, which can be problematic for historic homes.

Cost Considerations for Siding Replacement

Siding replacement is a significant investment, and it’s important to carefully consider the cost implications before undertaking the project. The cost of siding replacement can vary widely depending on the material, the size of the home, the complexity of the installation, and the contractor you choose. Wood siding is typically the most expensive option, followed by fiber cement siding and vinyl siding. Labor costs can also vary significantly depending on the contractor’s experience and the complexity of the project. Be sure to get multiple bids from qualified contractors and compare their prices and services carefully. Don’t automatically choose the lowest bidder, as this may compromise the quality of the work.

Budgeting for Siding Replacement

When budgeting for siding replacement, be sure to factor in the cost of materials, labor, permits, and any necessary repairs to the underlying structure. It’s also a good idea to set aside a contingency fund to cover unexpected expenses. Consider the long-term cost savings of energy-efficient siding. While it may cost more upfront, it can save you money on energy bills over time. Explore financing options, such as home equity loans or government grants, to help offset the cost of the project.

Conclusion: Preserving History, Protecting Your Home

Choosing the right siding for a historic home is a complex decision that requires careful consideration of historical accuracy, durability, aesthetics, and cost. By understanding the different siding options available, the importance of professional installation, and the nuances of historic preservation regulations, you can make informed choices that honor your home’s heritage while ensuring its longevity and protecting its value. Remember that preserving the original siding is often the best approach, but when replacement is necessary, a preservationist’s mindset is essential. Work with experienced professionals, follow local guidelines, and prioritize quality over cost to achieve a successful and historically sensitive outcome. By investing in the right siding and maintaining it properly, you can preserve your historic home for generations to come.

Further Resources

For more information on siding for historic homes, consult the following resources:

• The National Park Service: The National Park Service offers a wealth of information on historic preservation, including guidelines for siding replacement and repair.
• Your Local Historic Preservation Commission: Your local historic preservation commission can provide guidance on local regulations and historically appropriate materials.
• Preservation Organizations: Numerous preservation organizations offer resources and support for homeowners of historic properties.
• Qualified Contractors: Experienced contractors who specialize in historic preservation can provide valuable advice and expertise.

Siding Styles and Architectural Periods

Matching the correct siding style to the architectural period of your home is crucial for maintaining its historical accuracy. Here’s a brief overview of common siding styles and the architectural periods they are typically associated with:

• Colonial (1600s-1700s): Clapboard siding was the most common choice, often made from locally sourced wood. Colors were typically muted and natural.
• Georgian (1700s-Early 1800s): Clapboard continued to be popular, but with more emphasis on symmetry and refined details. Wider boards and more elaborate trim were common.
• Federal (Late 1700s-Early 1800s): Similar to Georgian, but with even greater emphasis on elegance and detail. Clapboard siding was often painted in light, pastel colors.
• Greek Revival (1820s-1860s): Wide clapboard siding was common, often painted white to resemble the appearance of Greek temples.
• Gothic Revival (1830s-1870s): Board-and-batten siding was a popular choice, along with vertical board siding. Darker colors, such as browns and greens, were often used.
• Italianate (1840s-1880s): Clapboard siding was common, but with more ornate trim details, such as brackets and cornices.
• Victorian (1837-1901): A variety of siding styles were used, including clapboard, wood shingles, and decorative siding patterns. Victorian homes often featured multiple siding styles and vibrant colors.
• Queen Anne (1880s-1910s): Similar to Victorian, Queen Anne homes often featured a mix of siding styles, including clapboard, wood shingles, and decorative panels.
• Shingle Style (1880s-1900s): Wood shingles were the dominant siding material, often covering the entire exterior of the house.
• Craftsman (1900s-1930s): Clapboard siding and wood shingles were common choices, often combined with natural stone or brick.
• Mid-Century Modern (1940s-1960s): Horizontal siding, often wood or aluminum, was a popular choice, along with brick and stone.

Detailing and Trim

The details of your siding installation, including the trim, are just as important as the siding material itself. Historically accurate trim can make a significant difference in the overall appearance of your home. Consider the following:

• Corner Boards: Corner boards should be sized and shaped to match the original corner boards.
• Window and Door Trim: The trim around windows and doors should be historically accurate in terms of profile and dimensions.
• Frieze Boards: Frieze boards, which run along the top of the wall, should be properly detailed and sized to match the original.
• Soffits and Fascia: Soffits and fascia should be carefully detailed to match the architectural style of the home.

Paint Colors and Historic Accuracy

Choosing the right paint colors is essential for maintaining the historical accuracy of your home’s siding. Research the color palettes that were popular during the era when your home was built. Many paint manufacturers offer historically accurate paint colors that are formulated to match the original colors used in older homes. Consult with a historic preservation expert or paint specialist to get advice on choosing the right colors for your home.

Dealing with Lead Paint

If your historic home was built before 1978, it may contain lead-based paint. Lead paint can be hazardous, especially to children and pregnant women. If you are planning to disturb lead paint during your siding replacement project, it’s essential to follow proper lead safety procedures. Hire a certified lead abatement contractor to remove or encapsulate the lead paint. Follow all federal, state, and local regulations regarding lead paint handling and disposal.

The Future of Historic Siding

The future of historic siding preservation looks promising, with advancements in materials, techniques, and technology. New siding products are being developed that offer improved durability, energy efficiency, and historical accuracy. Innovative repair techniques are allowing homeowners to preserve more of their original siding. And digital tools are making it easier to research and document historic siding details. By embracing these advancements, we can ensure that our historic homes continue to be cherished and preserved for generations to come.